Iran

Oxford IB History Ch. 6.5 - Iran

a. explain how Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi modernized and Westernized Iran - give specific examples! why did he do this? how did different groups benefit or suffer under the reforms? how did the people of Iran respond?
He modernized Iran through his White Revolution, which he had massive land reforms giving land to peasants, Nationalizing and Privatizing specific companies and forests in Iran and also social reforms which gave women rights making them equal to men. He did this in order to make Iran become a power in the Middle East, this also got investors and foreign interest from the West.The Tuddeh and Mossadegh were banned and assassinations were put into place. Iran essentially became a politically party which benefited the middle and upper class but the lower classes were hurt and could not keep up, having to migrate to other places were living standards were just as bad. Politically Iran was happy with the modernized Iran, however socially people were upset with his choices and wanted a new leader in charge Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini because they felt that Reza Sha had had plagued Iran by Westernizing it. Business's went under because the government promoted by foreign goods rather than the domestic ones, and also the government never anticipated the modernizing to the extent of which the goods were sent to them.

b. impact of Western influence - again, how did different groups respond? what benefits and drawbacks were there?
The British refused to give profits or pay taxes to the Iranian government for using the oil, which caused the Iranians to kick the British out because this, which affected all groups because of the boycotting of oil after this. The US promised aid, money, weapons and training to the Iranian government on the permise that they didn't become involved with any other country expect for the US. The government was happy with this but not everyone was because of the modernizing that the US was employing, this would ultimately lead to the banning of the Tuddeh party because of its afflictions with communism.

c. White Revolution - explain who led the revolution; why did they revolt? who in society were their supporters? did they have outside help? how successful were they? why were they successful (or not)?
The Shah led the revolution, this was in order to reform the country and make it stand out as a powerful nation. Shah's political parties peasant farms and wealthier farmers because they were not forced to give up land due to the money that they had they didn't have to get land. Western influence. It was successful in reforming the nation and giving the land out and equal opportunities to them to run politically. However the poor became more poor and could not had no living standards and were forced to constantly immigrate.

d. nature of society - explain:
i. religious issues- Replaced the calendar with the Shahanshah which was a Islamic one but didn't hold true to the Muslim countries calendar that started with hegira. This lead to people being pissed off because they didn't want to change their calendar because it was to confusing and didn't fit their society.
ii. gender issues- Shah had women not were their veils, allowed them to become educated, hold high jobs such as judges, vote and be voted in and also they were able to divorce and keep the children. This goes into more of the cultural values since there was a paradigm shift of cultural tradition system.
iii. cultural issues - Shah wanted to change and make a remembrance day, that was dedicated to the Pre-Islamic background of Iran, which infuriated people, who only wanted to be associated with their islamic background.
iv. health care - health care was increased and reach out to everyone.
vi. education - education was increased, doubling within ten years, then more further education was provided to the people.
vii. what else? - Political issues, the people didn't have a say who was in power since Iran became a SPS so once the news paper article was put in place denouncing Khomeini, Shah had to be removed and they did this putting the Khomeini in power and he placed a prime Minster in power one whom he thought could help run the country better.

e. 1979 Revolution - explain who led the revolution; why did they revolt? who in society were their supporters? did they have outside help? how successful were they? why were they successful (or not)?

IRL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12488908
News Story
BBC
Talks about the whole Arab-Israeli crisis. We've learned about Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon's conflicts with Israeli, this adds more incite to the middle east crisis especially 60 years after the independence of Israeli.
It adds value because we just learned about Egypt nationalizing the Suez Canal, now we see Iran using the canal to send battleships towards the way of Israeli though they are only heading to Syria. Though it adds more to the tensions between the middle east because of the growing nuclear fears and now arming Syria.
Limitations of the document are hard to see, though there a Anglo-Israeli relations they don't seem to affect the article at all in making one sided.

Lebanon

Oxford IB History Ch. 6.4 - Lebanon

a. civil wars - why? who was on each side? who won? did either side have outside help? what was the regional or world context while the civil war(s) was/were being fought?
Due to the huge diverse of Christians and Muslims, which lead to a disagreement over the fishing industry, thus leading into a civil war. On the Christian side Israeli,in the middle saw the Syrians, the UN, Americans and the French trying to keep peace. And then it was the Muslims and the PLO. Christians won because, the Israeli's were able to force out the PLO. During this time major detentes was occurring, America was making peace relations with China. And in UK the counter culture and welfare states arisen.
b. outside interference and reconstruction - post-civil war; explain...
The Syrian Army, American and French troops were sent in in order to keep the peace and try to promote a ceasefire. While the Israeli's interference was to give the training to Christians. Taif Agreement was formed in 1989 this would give reconstruction to the political system in Lebanon, giving increase power to the Prime Minister and the speaker of the Parliament. This way Christian's could not become more powerful than the Muslims. 1991, the Lebanon government passed a pardon of all civil war crimes. While Israeli invaded twice, so that they could make sure that their southern border was protected from Lebanon in case of future attacks.

c. confessional state - explain...
Because they were divided on religious affiliations and also the amount of support for these religious afflictions.

d. economic tensions - why? who benefited? who suffered? what changes took place?
Due to the massive migration of Palestinians immigrants that caused competition in job market place. The Palestinians benefited because they were able to escape Israeli and now settle down in Lebanon. The shi'a community suffered the most due to the competition. that area was a target for attacks from Israeli and also the political geography also changed cause of the Shi'a having to move north.

e. growth of militias and PLO - who joined? why? goals? successes? failures?
The Druze fought alongside of the PLO, in order to create political stabilizability and help the Palestinians. The PLO wasn't successful in causing a ceasefire and were forced out of Lebanon by the growing tensions from Israeli.
IRL:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/lebwith.html
Website
Israeli Government Press Office
It adds hindsight to what we read in class already, because now we know whats going to happen so if asked a question relating from 1945-2000, then we can end a essay with implementation of Resolution 425.
It enhances value because the chapter we read stops with the the troops being removed, so that we know what happened after the invasion. Though it casts a good light for Israeli.
Limitations faced with this is the source is a Israeli one, therefore it is more likely casting a good light on Israeli though they invaded Lebanon.

Verdict Activity: Nasser

Nasser was the President and leader that put Egypt on the map but this was due to the support he drew from the people which also helped him create a cult of personality. The cult of personality that Nasser created in his state can be seen in the picture from Source G, thousands of people looked grief stricken for his funeral. This may be due to the shock because his cult of personality and ability to lead, led the people to believe in him. Source F, claimed that the magic he presented was shown in the dreams he had promised for the Egyptians. Also Source C claims that he had a hypnotic power over the Egyptians in his cult of personality so that would explain the grief shown in the image because the realization of Nasser has not set in yet.
Egypt was put back on the map by Nasser, but he did this by playing off of the old traditions that he abandoned in his domestic policies.Shown in Source B. While he is a leader for the Suez crisis and leading Egypt away from imperialism, also as a Arab leader. He put Egypt back on the map through historical routes such as the problems with Israel and problems with British and French intervention with the Suez Canal.

“Discuss the long-term and the short-term causes for the rise of Nasser to power.”

Nasser was able to come to power because the Free Officers proved more effective and had less of a embarrassment on the Egyptian people, than the constitutional monarchy did because, King Farouk was never independent from the Uk. And he continually embarrassed Egypt. The short term causes that effected Nasser coming to power, are that in 1953 once the complete take over was put into place. Monarchy was abolished, the 1923 constitution was withdrawn, political parties were banded and though Egypt proclaimed to be a Republic RCC. Made Nasser vice and Naghib president. This gave put him right into power that he could become President eventually. While his long term goals consisted of treaties and humiliation from Britain in such as the 1923 Constitution which made a constitutional monarchy in Britain even thought the British still interfered. Which showed no independence from Britain. Then in 1936 the Anglo-Egyptian lead to more humiliation between the Egyptians and the government.. The Arab-Israeli War in 1948 could arguable be a leading point for Nasser's rise because it lead to the humiliation of the Egyptian government. Especially King Farouk. January 1952 saw the "Black Saturday" saw dangerous riots in Cairo “Last straw that broke the camel’s back” which was around the time that Nasser began playing a role in taking over the government. The establishment of the Free Officers as a long term goal as well because this group would lead a "bloodless coupe" in July 1952, which replaced King Farouk with Revolutionary Command Council. How Nasser became involved. Then finally in 1954 saw the finally long term goal because Nasser and Naghib has a disagreement and led to resignation leads to constructing a his Nasserist State, once he was able to become President.

Assignment: Music in Britain 1960s

Different music types appeared in the UK after the 1960s, we saw the rise of the Beatles and Bob Dylan. Different music genres also rose in the UK due to the socio-economic issues such as unemployment and unfair opportunities. Though there was no solution by creating genres such as Punk rock (THe Clash, Ramones, Sex Pistols), the bands were able to incite the youth with rage from their lyrics and general concert appearances. Music was the counter-culture to past, Punk and other prototype generes such as ska, and reggae stood as anti-establishment. Which began in the 1960s, "Swinging Sixties" where old culture values were abandoned and new ones were adopted.

Once the 60s had ended the transition of the anti-establishment had gone into the 1970s with the formation of punk rock, except the music was a little different. Though many of the Clash is early music had chord riffs and drew much influence from the Beatles, and the New York Dolls. Even though many of the bands were rising up against elite pop bands. Most punk bands, before becoming evolved were religious and also were part of the middle class. However most switched to nihilism in their anti everything attitude.

Historians on the topic ( my ee) believed that people in London used punk rock in order to make money in a tough economy. Malcolm McLaren, manager to most Punk bands used the creation of punk to make money.

The Age of Prosperity

1. a.(State of Prosperity) - referenced in Source A suggest that living standards and working conditions had improved greatly for everyone, doesn't really sound like "classes" anymore as much as equality among classes. This would make sense as well since this is post World War II and UK was devastated by this.

b. (mother's little helper) - The song seems to reference a child to help out her mother, when in fact it's talking about the mother taking drugs, and getting more drugs from the "doctor". The helper is the drug and it's taking away the mother/wife from doing her daily old custom duties.

2. Source A and C depict polar opposites of consumers in UK at the time. Source A shows that everyone was happy and prosperous. Where you could go to any part of the UK and see this. While Source C depicts this differently, where Joe Strummer a citizen in the UK finds it difficult to shop in the grocery store. Showing that the "state of prosperity" wasn't for everyone, especially in the consumer society.

3. Source A's origin is a speech to a rally of Conservative supporters by the Prime Minister Harold MacMillian in 1957. It's purpose is to show how England had reached a "state of prosperity" and that everyone was happy for the first time in a long time. It's valuable because it was written in 1957, giving hindsight to the historian studying the time period. It's origin is also valuable because a historian needs primary sources, which this is and it is also from a Prime Minister, someone who has authority in the country. While this can also be a limitation because though little is given on it's origins, it however could be fully untrue. Prime Minister Harold MacMillian may have said these things for his own personal gain not exactly the truth. But to make this limitation a value, historians look at this primary source and others by regular people since this speech is directed towards them in order to compare validity.
Source C's origin is a song called, "Lost in the Supermarket" from the Clash's Strummer Jones written in 1979. It's purpose to is to convey how Strummer is feeling with society in London. Also how he feels he is unhappy and lost his personality due to the "prosperity". It's valuable to a historian studying the time period because not only does it give it hindsight but also the song is written by a more regular person than the Prime Minister so it also adds incite on how things really were from his perspective. This could also be a limitation because due to it being a song he may have been pressured into writing a song like this to meet the demands of the label.

4. According to Source A around the 1950s the economy was great and prosperous for everyone that lived in the UK. While in Source B it depicts the wife, changing her role a little bit. For example it says "Cooking fresh food for a husband's just a drag, so she buys an instant cake and she burns her frozen steak". The song is a drug reference that was written in the 1960s, between 1950 to 1980 there was a cultural role change that affected the consumer economy.Source C however depicts the consumer economy as a degression in the late 1970s. Strummer Jones, is highly unhappy with the situation and feels like there is a loss of identity. Seems like everyone is becoming one and joining this consumer economy and to him its not for the better of the UK. According to the graph (http://tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/comments/timetric-uk-real-gdp-since-1950/) the consumer economy more than triples between 1950 to 1980. Due to problems with the consumer economy in the 1970s this led to massive unemployment which could be seen as both a good and a bad thing, because this lead to more popular culture such as the New Wave of Music and also Punk Rock music but once the two started to merge this is where Source C takes a play. Due to Strummer feeling he lost his personality and also being unhappy.

Activity: UK education

1. Source A shows that education wasn't as big or valued. It isn't a elite school, it's a school for everyone so according to Source A the education was classless.
Source B shows that education was valued and due to economic pressure, leaving it up to the government to take care of education and give opportunities. It agrees with Source A with the fact that most of British society higher ups were able to to access this education.
Source C Agrees with both sources because it shows that middle class students were and had more educational advantages then working class students.

2.1906 "Working men lacked the educational and social skills of their middle- and upper-class counterparts, most of whom had been educated at public school and university. They faced hostility or indifference when they presented themselves as prospective parliamentary candidates, from working-class voters imbued with a deferential preference for representatives drawn from among their social superiors as much as from middle-class election committees reluctant to support a working man. "
"The examination is called the eleven plus . Partly due to the failure to fully implement the tri-partite system prescribed by the 1944 Education Act, the examination came to be seen as delivering a pass/fail result with the academically selected pupils passing and attending grammar schools and the remaining pupils being deemed to have failed and being consigned to the poorly funded schools euphemistically designated Secondary Modern Schools ."
Structure after 1945:
Structure of Educational System
Pre-higher Education System
Higher Education System
Administrative structure of higher education
Admissions to Higher Education and Recognition

3. From the three sources it would appear that education wasn't something that everyone could have in the social structure, do to only upper class or elites being able to obtain higher education. Also with the fact that when that middle class could obtain higher education over working class. This left little social mobility for working class. education became more democratic though in 1973, 20% of British 18 years old received education compared to 75% in America. This left a huge class diverges in Britain at the time with a rich, middle, and lower class. I feel when answering the question it is also important to include women, since gender diverge went down while the social class diverge widened. Since the economy took a dip in the 1970s unemployment soared this meant that little educational opportunities could be provided for the working class, and lower middle class.

Case Study: United Kingdom Gender Equality

1. There hasn't been many women in power or in parliament since the time of Margaret Thatcher, however "Lastly, the representation of women in the European Parliament has gradually grown during the last four decades. The Common Assembly ( 1952-58) included one woman out of 78 representatives, or 1.3 percent of the total. This increased marginally to 3 percent of members in the Parliament of the Six ( 1958-1972), then 5.5 percent in 1978 (European Commission 1979)." Thatcher's goal was to give everyone man or women a political voice, and women's representation has increased in parliament. Also when it came to voting, "The major breakthrough came in the first direct elections in 1979, resulting in 69 women out of 410 representatives, or 16.8 percent. The proportion increased, with some fluctuations, during the next decade until by 1994 one-quarter of all MEPs are women. This compares with women constituting about a fifth (16 percent) of members in equivalent national legislatures." Women may not have been in power but they had a say who would be in power. However omen elected in European elections have been the lowest in the UK, fluctuating around 14-18% from 1979 to 1994 which is the lowest in Europe.

2. Thatcher winning and becoming Britain's first female prime minister affected the role of women for several reasons. One by having a women in power, she is going to make laws that are beneficial to helping womanhood, this may be why laws of easier divorce and contraceptives where put in place towards the end of the 60s, it didn't stop women from having a voice politically. Also Thatcher was very conservative meaning older traditions such as only men having political power were put to the test by having a women being prime minster. Also with her winning, came human rights that helped to not alienate women as much as they were in previous generations. Her becoming prime minister and defending human rights would lead to a diverge still in UK today about the idea of political free choice and how its a human right. Which is something women did not have the right to do do prior her winning the role of prime minister. Thatcher is even quoted saying, "It would seem a worthy objective for men and women to wish to raise the standard of living for their families and to give them greater opportunities than they themselves had. I wish more people would do it. We would then have fewer saying, "the state must do it."

3. Religion evolved into something less important in the country, with the abortion laws of 1967, and also with contraceptives available from the Swinging Sixties. Plus with the Family Planning Act of 1967, this lead to women becoming educated about not having to have children if they wished not to and also giving them more rights. Religious beliefs would definitely be against contraceptives which would cause the idea of religion in the UK to go down since 1945 and cause Uk to become more liberal about contraceptives and religion towards the 21st century. Also, "There was, of course, a time when the Christian religion was the only permitted form of worship in our land. Today we live in what is called a "plural society," one in which many different traditions of belief exist alongside each other and also alongside other more recent fashions-those of total disbelief or even nihilism. No doubt we have absorbed much from other systems of belief and contributed much to them. The change, however, has also brought its dilemmas, not least for the legislator." Religion slowly evolved in something that was less important especially for women in from 1945- to 2000, which is seen in the Swinging Sixties with the idea of homosexuality and adultery, becoming more open and accepted.


WORKS CITED:
Katz, Richard S. and Bernhard Wessels, eds. 1999. The European Parliament, the National Parliaments, and European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Book on-line. Available from Questia, http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=41395869. Internet. Accessed 2 March 2011.
Roberts, Clayton Roberts David. “A History of England: 1688 to the present”. Vol. 2. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980.
Thompson, Juliet S. and Wayne C. Thompson, eds. 1994. Margaret Thatcher: Prime Minister Indomitable. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Book on-line. Available from Questia, http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=85710688. Internet. Accessed 2 March 2011.

Case Study: United Kingdom

1. Compare and contrast the equality of life of the working class and the middle class between 1945 and 2000.
The working class consists of skilled and unskilled labor, which in theory would increase skilled labor and unskilled labor for the working class as time progresses. Due to advancement in technologies and also education. Though in the 60s there was a education boom where more people where going to college that belonged to the middle class, however beginning in the 1970s education became even greater due to more money being put into social reforms in the UK. Education became more democratic though in 1973, 20% of British 18 years old received education compared to 75% in America. This left a huge class diverges in Britain at the time with a rich, middle, and lower class. A huge diverge between the social classes would be due to Even with the reforms that Wilson put forth, education was still a problem. According to historians Clayton Roberts and David Roberts authors of “A History of England: 1688 to the Present” (1980), only 25% of the 16 year olds went to school and only 15% of them received any form of higher education. The equality for life between the working and the middle class had a bigger diverge in the late 70s because of unemployment which caused the younger people to loose jobs while older people felt more stability.

2. Compare and contrast avenues for social mobility in 1945 and 2000.
Chances of switching social classes in 1945 seemed more likely due to everyone in the UK becoming affected by the war so that everyone could easily move down or even the elimination of the social classes. However they were restored with the aid of the Marshall plan and economic aid from the West after World War II. It seemed that social mobility was more likely in 2000 because of economic booms and education reforms from Parliament which helped give people the chance to rise up from what class they were in or, even increase in growth rates would yield increase in social mobility because children born when education is improved have a better chance from moving up from the working class, which they're family are in into, middle class. Also with time passing 2000 is more great for social mobility because people are abandoning the older cultural traditions and values in the UK and becoming more liberal therefore being born into the upper class goes away while working your way into the upper class is more likely.

Income Inequality

To what extent to you believe income inequality is one of the three biggest problems facing Europe in the era we are studying?
I agree that income inequality is one of the biggest problems in the Europe that we are studying, because it appears since the rich control the money in a government, there is more likely to have a diverge in the social classes. This diverge will lead to the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. According to the Economist, the people who wrote on Wall Street are getting richer, and during the economic recession that came about it saw more people getting poorer and poorer. This is also evident to be a problem in Europe during the late 60s into the 80s, because with every step to fix the economic problems, income inequality still plagued Europe. Though to show a counter claim, in Franco's regime, income inequality to a extent lessened when most peoples income increased exponentially. While in the rest of Europe, The CAP was put into place to help with the economy but it seemed to not help the idea of income inequality at all because of corruption from the people that control the money. This is seen in the Economist in the news today and can evidently be seen in Europe many years back, that due to people controlling the money it leads to corruption which will lead to income inequality which is one of the biggest problems.

Verdict Activity

1. He was able to bring the economy back to in West Germany, get rid of unemployment and even inflation at all timme lows something that had no been done in a while. He was able to successful increase economic prosperity, material wealth, and political stability, according to verdict B. He was also successful because according to Verdict C the people of Germany were worried about going back to the abyss that German was with Hitler in charge. And Adenauer successful helped that from happening.


2. His ignorance towards East Germany. Especially since people felt he refused a great offer by the Soviets to reunite West and East Germany and make them neutral to the Western and Eastern powers. It also appeared that he choose to side with the West when he joined NATO. Verdict E shows criticism that Adenauer he was a puppet to the US in trying to reconstruct West Germany. Which is justifiable because in all aspects he did in fact come together with the US and the West with constructing Germany. Verdict D is justifiable because of the Hallstein Doctrine, that claimed that anything that associated with East Germany didn't exist to West Germany. The reason why it says anything past them is Siberia is because most states towards that way were in fact communist or under communist control which means they had to associate with East Germany.

European Union

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128389419
Npr
July 8th 2010.
New Story.
A very brief history on the European Union.
IN 1967, Three institutions of the Europeans communities merge as one, creating a single commission.
Something interesting about it is that in 1979, people of the European countries were given the right to vote for their parliament in the EU.
In 2002 12 out of the 15 countries switch to the Euro as their form of currency.

In 2008 the Euro reaches a all time high of 1.5843 to the dollar, but the worldwide recession that is coming up that will take a hugh toll on the economy of the EU.

In 2010 however the Euro takes a high going down to 1.19 to the dollar, trying to bail out Greece as well who is failing behind in the EU which has expanded to about 27 members form its 6 members in 1957.

Franco Questions

1.They agree - not a fascist, brutality. Disagree preserve change.
2.Because not enough time has passed to analyze documents and because of the time period he rule and since Spain stayed pretty neutral after WWII. And he may has ruled for 40 years but it has been the most recent 40 years.
3.I don't think it does because since there hasn't been a predominantly and named fascist state besides Italy and a little bit in Germany, people tend to misuse the word because it's been so long. People confuse fascism for other ideologies and assume that just because the connotation that the word has and the dictators involved people misuse it and compare people to the dictators that were fascist not the actual ideology of fascism.
4. - Totalitarian
- leader
- anti conservative
-Self sufficient

Franco was not a fascist because he wasn't self sufficient because he first sought out help from Hitler during the civil war and even received aid from the US. Also he wasn't the only leader of Spain, he had a political party and a heir to take over once he died. He wasn't anti Conservative though he was a totalitarian, he however was not a fascist.

Spain Ch. 5.5 Questions

Paper 3 topic: Spain

Things to know about:

Franco’s regime and the transition to, and establishment of, democracy under Juan Carlos, including an examination of the social, political and economic issues facing Spain and the methods used to cope with challenges

Questions for “Ch. 5.5 Spain 53-75”
1. What three successes did Spain experience in international relations between 1950 and 1955? The US had given them a 62 million dollar loan, a membership in UNESCO and a full membership in the United Nations.

2. What were three examples of the economic problems facing Spain in the 1950s?
They were economically weak. The per capita meat consumption was half of what it had been in 1926. Also bread consumption was half since 1936. Mass corruption lead to people paying double to the black market double those in the shops.
3. What is Opus Dei? What is a technocrat?
A political party that was put in place under Franco in oder to solve a series of policy solutions to Spain's economic crisis. A technocrat is someone who is in charge of solving economic problems for the government that they work for.
4. What specific economic policies made up the Stabilization Plan of 1957? What does Desarollo mean?
To fix inflation and debts that were owed it also was put into place to help unemployment which was at a all time high at 35%. Desarollo is when there is a oil crisis or not being cut off from receiving oil.
5. What other factor(s) helped boost the Spanish economy of the 1960s?
"Franco's Peace", and the Opus Dei worked, the economy become more stable and met short term goals.
6. What were three examples of the economic improvement experienced by Spaniards during the 1960s?
1) 4 to 66% in owning refrigerators.
2)1 to 10% in owning cars
3)A higher diverge between richer and poor do to tripling in wages

7. What types of media came to dominate Spanish culture during the 1960s?
Television, and controlling the football sports, since this was the pastime essentially for the people were they felt happy, he could control their happiness essentially.
8. What are three ways that economic growth in Spain undermined the social structure that helped create Franco’s regime?
1) Diverge with the rich north and the poor south.
2) Rapid urbanization of Spain.
3) Education reforms, paradoxical consequences.
9. Briefly summarize the “anti-democratic” legacy of the Franco regime.
A denouncement of Franco because of his selfish behavior and his radically reconstruction of the state. And all his polices that reformed Spain, on media, women and education.
10. Briefly summarize the “institutionalized discrimination against married women” in Spain in the 1970s.
Married women had no rights, they were second class citizens who signed their rights over the the husbands basically, they couldn't open property or even get a job without the permission of the their spouse.
11. Briefly describe how nationalist minority groups behaved and were treated in Spain during the 1960s and 1970s.
Franco had restrictions on them because he didn't want them in his country. Some behaved as terrorist like such as the ETA, others were killed by the government in trials because of the affiliations.