How did the Cold War develop?
MWH p. 117-140
1. What were the effects of WWII?
a. evidence of enormous destruction?
40 million people killed, destruction of lives, homes, industries, and communications.
b. no all-inclusive peace settlement - what was there?
Italy lost African colonies, USSR took land that Hitler invaded, Romania recovered Transylvania, Trieste became a free territory and Japan surrendered all Chinese territory.
c. examples social changes?
They put bout 10 million Germans from other German speaking places back into West Germany.
d. nuclear weapons - so what?
USSR and US saw how destructive they could be and wanted to avoid all costs from using it.
e. European domination of the world ended - why?
Due to costs of war it caused Germany, Italy, France, and Britain to become almost bankrupt
f. emergence of the superpowers - who?
USSR and US
g. decolonization - what happened to the territories?
They also suffered due to the colonizers fighting in war but they also pushed for being decolonized.
h. the United Nations - so what?
Was the successor of League of Nations and also their main gold was to keep the peace.
2. What caused the Cold War?
a. what are the differences of principle?
The communist system and the capitalist system.
b. what were Stalin's foreign policies?
To strengthen Russian influence in Europe by controlling as much as Germany as possible.
c. what were US and British policies?
To try to create a trust with the Soviets but also be able to defend themselves. But essentially contain communism in Russia.
3. How did the Cold War develop between 1945 and 1953?
a. what four things were agreed upon at the Yalta Conference?
i. United Nations
ii. Germany was divided into zones Russian, American, British zone while Berlin was split into corresponding zones.
iii. Free elections would be allowed in the states of eastern Europe.
iv. Stalin promised to join the war against Japan on condition that Russia received the whole of Sakhalin Island and some territory in Manchuria.
b. why were Germany and Poland the major concerns at the Potsdam Conference?
Because they didn't know whether to they would unite Germany again and what the consequences of causing the war would be. Also Poland had left a pro communist leader in charge which frighten the west.
c. how was Communism established in eastern Europe?
Pro-communist leaders were put in charge and anyone who opposed them were imprisoned or murdered.
d. how did Russia exert its influence in eastern Europe?
He promised all countries free elections though they were rigged so communist leaders could be put in place.
e. what were the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan?
They were plans to help European countries come out of debt and paid back over time as long as the country promised to remain capitalist.
f. what was Cominform?
The soviet version of Marshall Plan to help gain support and spread of Communism
g. what happened to Czechoslovakia?
It became communist and had rigged elections and all other government members who were not communist were killed.
h. what happened in Berlin?
Closed off east and west Berlin over disagreements.
i. what is NATO?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization was a deffence group of countries against Communist threat.
j. what happened to Germany?
Split into West Germany and Eastern Germany controlled by super powers.
h. what developed with nuclear weapons?
The fear of nuclear war both super powers began building up arsenal of weapons.
4. To what extent was there a thaw after 1953?
a. why was there a thaw?
i.Death of Stalin
ii.New leader wanting peace.
b. how do we know there was a thaw?
i. Signing of peace agreements.
ii. The Russians made important concessions in 1955
1. They agreed to give up their military bases in Finland
2. They lifted their veto on the admission of 16 new member states to the UN.
3. The quarrel with Yugoslavia was healed when Khrushchev paid a visit to Tito
4. The Cominform was abandoned, suggesting more freedom for satellite states.
c. what evidence suggests only a partial thaw?
i. The Warsaw Pact (1955) signed between Russia and her satellite states.
ii. The Russians continued to build up their nuclear armaments.
iii. The situation in Berlin caused more tension.
iv. The most provactice action of all was when Khrushchev installed Soviet missiles in Cuba, less than a hundred miles from the American coast (1962)
v.
5. The nuclear arms race and the Cuban missile crisis
a. how did the arms race accelerate?
The making of new and powerful weapons than before.
b. what happened in Cuba? how was it resolved?
The Russian's put weapons on Cuba to launch, US and Soviets made piece with it.
c. what happened to the arms race in the 1970s?
Submarines that could fire powerful missiles.
d. how effective were anti-nuclear protests?
It worked but countries still refused to get rid of weapons fearing that once they put their guard down they'd be attacked.
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